I encouraged you to login to study island and take the practice midterms so that you can learn from your mistakes!!!
There were three study guides I had you build based on the Keystone Exam big ideas
If you click on the links for each topic it will take you to that sections book pages. In the meantime I have made SUPER SIMPLE outlines of each topic.
- 1st: Basic Biological Principles
- Characteristics of all living organisms
- Obtaining and using energy
- Homeostasis
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Respond to stimuli
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function
- Characteristics of ALL cells:
- Surrounded by a cell Membrane
- Filled with cytoplasm
- Contain DNA
- Have ribosomes where proteins are assembled
- Prokaryotic Cells
- SUPER small and simple (are always unicellular)
- DNA located in the cytoplasm (they do not have a nucleus)
- Bacteria and Archaebacteria are ONLY organisms that are prokaryotic
- Eukaryotic Cells
- MUCH more Complex
- DNA is found in the NUCLEUS
- Contain many Membrane Bound organelles
- Can be unicellular or multicellular
- Organelle Structure and Function
- Nucleus - stores genetic information
- Mitochondria - the "power house" of the cell - This is where ATP is produced
- Endoplasmic reticulum - Contains ribosomes that assemble proteins that will be shipped out of the cell. The ER helps package them up into vesicles
- Golgi Apparatus - Continues preparing the vesicles to be transported out of the cell
- Multicellular Organization
- Smallest unit of Organization is a CELL
- Cells are SPECIALIZED in multicellular organisms
- ****STRUCTURE DETERMINE FUNCTION!!!!
- A group of specialized cells make up tissue
- A group of tissues make up an organ
- Different organs together make up organ systems
- All organ systems working together make up an organism
- 2nd Chemical Basis for Life
- Properties of water that help support life
- Water is a POLAR molecule which allows it dissolve many substance
- Water molecules bond with each other by HYDROGEN BONDS
- This hydrogen bonding is reason water has properties that help it support life on earth
- Cohesion - Waters attraction to other water molecules
- Causes Surface tension
- Adhesion - Waters attraction to other polar molecules
- along with cohesion causes capillary action
- High Specific Heat - water is able to absorb and retain a large of amount of heat without changing temperature
- important for maintaining mile environment for aquatic organisms
- Important for maintaining a constant body temperature in humans
- High Heat of Vaporization: When water goes from a liquid to a gas a TONE of heat is released which helps animals that sweat to cool down
- Density - Water is LESS dense as a solid which allows ice to float.
- Atomic properties of Carbon that allow it to form macromolecules
- Is able to bond with up to 4 other atoms (has 4 valence electrons and WANTS to have 8 electrons in its valence shell.
- How Macromolecules are Formed from monomers
- Carbohydrates - Made up of Saccharide monomers
- Lipids - Make up of fatty acids and glycerol
- Proteins - Made up of amino acid monomers
- Nucleic Acids - Made up of nucleotide monomers
- Functions of Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates - Energy supply, Cell recognition, structural components (i.e. cellulose and chitin.)
- Lipids - MAJOR energy storage, water barriers (waxes), some types of hormones, insulation.
- Proteins - a WIDE variety of functions based on how the amino acid chain is folded (STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION!!!) - some examples: antibodies, enzymes, structure (such as keratin)
- Nucleic Acids - Store GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA and RNA)
- Enzymes
- Act as catalysts in biochemical reactions
- SPEED up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed to start a reaction. (lowers the activation energy)
- Are SPECIFIC to different reactions
- Are NOT USED UP in chemical reactions
- Can be denatured by changes in pH and Temperature.
- This can change the shape of the enzyme and if the active site is changed it can no longer bind the specific substrate and therefore cannot help that reaction.
- 3rd - Homeostasis and Transport
- Structure and Function of the cell membrane
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded within it.
- Is SEMI permeable (allows small nonpolar molecules to move easily through but not ions, polar molecules or other large macromolecules)
- Phospholipids have two regions
- Polar (hydrophilic) phosphate heads that face the surfaces
- Nonpolar (hydrophobic) Fatty Acid Tails that make up the middle of the membrane
- Membrane proteins
- Transport proteins (Carrier and Channel proteins) aid in the movement of polar molecules, ions or larger molecules across the membrane
- Glycoproteins - Located on the outside surface of the cell and act as a "name tag"
- Receptor Proteins - Receive signals (such as hormones) that are transmitted inside the cell to initiate a chemical reaction
- Enzymes - Located on the inside surface of the cell to aid in biochemical reactions
- Passive Transport
- Does NOT require the input of energy
- Movement of molecules DOWN the concentration gradient (from an area of high to low concentration)
- Examples:
- Simple diffusion - small nonpolar molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move directly through the phospholipids
- Facilitated diffusion - movement of polar molecules or ions through transport proteins
- Osmosis - specifically the movement of water across the cell membrane (through aquaporins)
- Active transport
- REQUIRES the input of energy - usually in the form of ATP
- Creates a concentration gradient (by moving molecules from LOW to HIGH concentration.
- Examples
- Molecular and ion PUMPS
- Pump molecules / ions AGAINST their concentration gradient
- BIG example = SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP
- Movement through vesicles
- Endocytosis - Moving large molecules INTO the cell
- Exocytosis - moving large molecules OUT OF the cell
- Bioenergetics (You did not do a study guide on this since we just finished this unit and you should have a study guide from the test)
- Basic Energy Transformations that occur during photosynthesis and cellular respiration
- Photosynthesis - Solar to chemical conversion (Chemical energy is store in the bonds of organic molecules like glucose)
- Cellular Respiration - Chemical to Chemical conversion (Stored first in the bonds of glucose and at the end it is stored in the bonds of ATP)
- Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration
- The products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are in essence reversed. The only difference is that end the end of cellular respiration light energy is not created but instead chemical energy found in the bonds of ATP that is stored by the cell for usable energy to power chemical reaction
- Role of chloroplasts and Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts - Organelle in which photosynthesis occurs
- Mitochondria - Organelle in which aerobic cellular respiration occurs
YOU GUYS ARE CAPABLE OF DOING GREAT ON THIS!!!
BUT..... at the same time - don't forget this is just the first run at the midterm. LEARN FROM YOUR MISTAKES!! You will have the opportunity next week to retake it.
No comments:
Post a Comment