Cellular Respiration

Wednesday while I was at a workshop you guys started into the cellular respiration notes.  Then when I got back we started talking through them.  Here were the daily questions for Thursday and Friday:                            Thursday December 13^th

During Cellular respiration, Glucose and Oxygen are converted into ATP!!!! which provides energy for our cells and a waste product is Carbon Dioxide.

The FIRST stage of cellular respiration is called Glycolysis.  This is the splitting of Glucose and occurs where in the cell?  The cytoplasm

Friday December 14^th

What are the end products of glycolysis?

A small amount of ATP and 2 3-carbon pyruvate molecules

If oxygen is available, what processes will those molecules enter?  The Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain

Which produces more ATP aerobic or anaerobic respiration? Aerobic respiration

The following are the notes that we having taken (and will continue to take) on cellular respiration. 

Photosynthesis Wrap up... AGAIN!

Tuesday December 11^th

Information concerning a metabolic activity is shown below       enzyme X --------------> products + energy for metabolism Substance X is most likely	A.  DNA B.  Oxygen C.  ATP (ATP is split into ADP + P which releases Energy.  Remember, Energy is stored in chemical bonds of organic compounds - when these bonds are broken, energy is released. D.  Chlorophyll
Using a Microscope, a student observes a small, green organelle in a plant cell.  Which energy transformation most likely occurs first within the observed organelle?	A.  ATP to Light B.  light To chemical (That small green organelle was the chloroplast, what energy transformation occurred there?!?!  Light energy (from the sun) was converted into chemical energy (in the form of ATP and NADPH) C.  Heat to electrical D.  Chemical to chemical
In heterotrophs, energy for the life processes comes from the chemical energy store in the bonds of	A.  Water molecules B.  Oxygen Molecules C.  Organic Compounds (See above!) D.  Inorganic Compounds

After these, we reviewed the main concepts of photosynthesis.  As a review we added the following slide to our notes.

 Tomorrow you guys will first take a Daily Question type quiz over everything we have done so far (Basics of Bioenergetics and Photosynthesis.)  After that you will get down the notes for cellular respiration and we will discuss them on Thursday. 

Photosynthesis Wrap Up

Monday December 10^th

The second part of photosynthesis does not depend on light and therefore is known as the Light Independent Reaction (Sometimes called the dark reaction but that is not an accurate term because it does happen when light is available, it just does not depend on the energy from the sun) .

During this stage Carbon from Carbon Dioxide is added to an organic molecule found in the chloroplast to produce Glucose.  The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is called Rubisco

After this, I had you finish up the directed reading, active reading, and "quiz" questions from the book.  We will move into cellular respiration tomorrow.

Photosynthesis Light Independent Reactions

We started with the following daily questions that summarized yesterday's activity.

Friday December 7^th

During the first steps of photosynthesis what main product did we create? Oxgyen 

What molecule was split to create this? Water

Where did the energy come from to fuel this first step? The Sun

Two other energy molecules were created ATP and NADPH.

What will these molecules be used for? To fuel the next set of reactions that will make organic compounds.

We then moved into notes/activities and interactives on the light INdependent reactions (the Calvin Cycle) (Please check Edline for the notes)

The Calvin cycle can be VERY complex but I let you guys know the "take home" points that I really want you to know about it.  Ultimately what I want you to know is that the Carbon that makes up glucose molecules originates from organic molecules found in 

As much as I want to challenge you this year, I will NOT be making
you memorize each of these steps!!!!

This image gives you a little simpler view of the two processes.  I have
highlighted the Calvin Cycle to show you in general what is happening.

All those links would be good go to's for a little review of what
occurred during photosynthesis.  I encourage you to check them out!!

Photosynthesis - Light Dependent Reactions

After discussing the results of the CDTs with you we moved back our chapter on bioenergetics.  We started with the following daily questions

Thursday December 6^th 

During the first stage of photosynthesis energy from the SUN is absorbed by pigments such as Chlorophyll.

This causes electrons to get Excited and jump from one chlorophyll molecule to the next

In the mean time Water molecules are split and Oxygen is released into the atmosphere.

We then continued with notes on photosynthesis.  Today we focused on the light Dependent reactions and made models of this. See the pics and descriptions below.  Check edline for the notes!!


The first thing we did was split water molecules using energy
from the sun.

For each two water molecules, one molecule of Oxygen is
released (the oxygen that we breath) and the hydrogen ions
are now going to create a concentration gradient within the
thylakoid membrane.



Next up is the creation of Two short term energy molecules

ATP is made by adding a phosphate (red) to a molecule
of ADP (Yellow)

NADPH is created by adding a Hydrogen Ion (blue) to
NADP (Orange)

These processes were known as the light dependent reactions because they depended on energy from the sun to perform.  Tomorrow we will move into the light Independent reaction which will be the creation of glucose from carbon dioxide molecules using the energy created during the steps above!!
Hold on tight!!!!!!

CDT Results

I was VERY impressed with how you guys are progressing through the material we have already learned.  This was the chart that was generated after you all finished the exam.  Please keep in mind that JUST because you are in the green does NOT mean you are ready for the Keystone.  It just shows me that you are progressing where you should.  I told you guys on day 1 that as honors students I would be pushing you to achieve the highest level of proficiency this year.  That means that we still have a ways to go!  I would love to see you all in the blue in all four areas by the end of the year.  There is still much we can work on! (There is still a LOT of blue above you guys that I would like to see you in!!!

 

My goal is to have you all in the Advanced column!!  For more information on what this means follow this link

http://www.pdesas.org/module/assessment/Keystone.aspx#

CDT

For the next couple of days we will be taking our first CDT exam to get a baseline of how you are progressing in this class.  We will be taking this at least two more times as we continue through the year.  Hopefully I will see progression as we take them throughout the year!

Bioenergetics and photosynthesis intro

Thursday November 29^th 

What are the Reactants (inputs) of Photosynthesis?

Sunlight, Carbon Dioxide and Water 

What are the reactants (inputs) of cellular respiration?

Glucose and Oxgyen 

How are the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?

The inputs (reactants) of cellular respiration are the outputs (products) of photosynthesis.

Friday November 30^th

For every cycle of photosynthesis how many Carbon Dioxide molecules are needed?

 6

One of the main products of photosynthesis is glucose, how many carbons does glucose have?

 6

What can we infer about WHERE the carbon comes from to make glucose?

The carbon found in glucose ultimately comes from Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere.

Over the past two days we started looking at the notes specifically on photosynthesis.  We also looked at a couple different videos.  The first two were meant to motivate you..... or something like that!  the famoeous "Photosynthesis Rap"  Found below

 Then the more "light hearted" song

And then finally today I had you look at the following khan academy video that will b a good reference for if you miss any of the next couple days!

Bioenergetics introduction

I hope you guys all enjoyed your Thanksgiving break.  Only 16 more school days until Christmas!!!!   Last week we took our cell membrane/ cell transport exam on Monday and did some extra credit on tuesday with some scientific readings on the myth of tryptophan.  This week we start into a new chapter on bioenergetics.  These are the following Keystone Exam Anchors we will be focusing on for the next couple weeks.

Today's daily questions served as a review of what you have learned about bioenergetics throughout previous years.  We will be moving into MUCH more detail than you learned before, but most of you were able to answer almost all of these based on previous knowledge!

Tuesday November 27^th

Ultimately, all the energy that we have originates from where? The Sun

What is the name of the process that turns energy from this into chemical energy?Photosynthesis

What macromolecule is our MAIN source of energy? Glucose

            What molecule is that then turned into for our cells to use? ATP!!!

After this we started into introductory notes on the energy of life - please check out Edline if you missed any of these!!

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Wednesday November 14th 

#2 ATP

What form of transport would this be considered?  Active Transport (Since molecules are moving from an area of LOW concentration to HIGH concentration this would be ACTIVE transport and require energy in the form of ATP)

Give one example of this type of transport in human cells. The Sodium-Potassium Pump.  This pumps positively charged ions AGAINST their concentration gradient setting up a concentration gradient which creates an electrochemical gradient.  This allows nerve signals to be sent and aids in water balance inside of cells.

After these questions we finished up notes on active transport focusing on Endo and Exocytosis.  Below are some of the clips i showed to let you see how this works in our bodies and those of single celled organisms.

Other places to show animations of active transport are below

http://www.maxanim.com/physiology/Endocytosis%20and%20Exocytosis/Endocytosis%20and%20Exocytosis.htm

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/vesiclebudding.html

Animations of ALL type of cell transport can be found here

http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/membrane_transport/membrane_transport.htm 

Day 4 and Wrap Up

Friday we finished up the egg lab and had some fun with our "bouncy" egg.  In the mean time though, we continued through notes about osmosis. Here were some pics from the lab

Many of you attempted to "bounce" the egg
that was now full of water

Looking MUCH different than yesterday!!

And the best part of all - disposing of the eggs!

Today then we started with the following daily question:

Because water moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration, water will move OUT of the cell.  Since the solute concentration is higher outside of the cell than in - it is considered to be a hypertonic solution.  The cell would shrink in this type of solution.


We then finished up the osmosis notes and examples and you then had time to finish up your egg lab and application questions.

Some demonstrations I did to show you how most cell
are made up of a TON of water (like this water balloon)

The cells are suspended in fluid and when the concentration
of water is different inside the cell then outside the cell
water moves across the membrane and this is known as osmosis

Day 3 of Egg Lab

Today you took your egg out of the corn syrup

You measured the corn syrup and noticed that there
was more liquid in there than you added yesterday



The EGG on the other hand looked a little well......
deflated!!!


After this you then placed the egg into water. I lead you in a discussion from your notes about facilitated diffusion and osmosis. Please Check edline for the notes!

Day 2 of Egg Lab

Yesterday you took your eggs ouf of the vinegar, weighed them and measured a final volume left in the beaker.  You noticed that the egg weighed more and the there was less vinegar in the beaker than when you left it yesterday.  This was letting you see diffusion in action!  You had the fun opportunity to take the shell off the eggs and 2 of you managed to break your egg..... sorry about that guys!!!

Here were some pics from today.

egg out of vinegar

Taking the shell off the egg

shell completely off egg

Ooops!!!!

"I didn't MEAN to!!!  I was just Holding it and
it broke!!!"

I also showed you how Iodine moved into a cell membrane.  Below is an image of a bag full of corn starch.  In just water it remains white.  When placed in iodine - the iodine molecules were able to move across the membrane into the bag.  We know this because the corn starch turned a bluish black color.  In the presence of iodine complex carbohydrates turn this color.

Bag in water

Bag once placed in iodine

Day 1 of Egg Lab!!

We started with a review of the cell membrane and an intro to passive transport with the following DQ's

Tuesday November 6^th

I have type A blood.  What part of the cell membrane surrounding my red blood cells determines that I have type A blood!!!

Red blood cell with no "tags"
Type O blood

Cell Surface Markers (Also known as Glycoproteins)

Red blood cell with "A"
tags = Type A blood

Red Blood cell with "B" Tags
= Type B bloo

Red Blood Cells with Both
A and B tags = Type AB blood

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating hormone) binds to thyroid cells and initiates the production of T3 and T4 (Thyroid hormones), what part of the cell membrane does TSH bind to?

Receptor Proteins

When molecules move – they generally will move from an area of High to Low concentration until the concentration is equal everywhere.  Once this has occurred it is known as Dynamic Equilibrium.

What is happening to the molecules at that point (in terms of movement)The molecules are constantly moving randomly (In no NET direction)

After this we started into our Egg lab!!  Today you just weighed your egg, named your egg and put it into Vinegar!  I had you answer some pre-lab questions and make predictions of what you think may happen over night. 

You Weighed your Egg

Then measured out 100 ml of vinegar 

Then Carefully placed your egg into the vinegar!

And some of you then drew pictures.............  Nice
art work Carter ;)

Tomorrow we will see what happened and how this all relates to cell transport AND the structure of the cell membrane!!